<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-677758307819493037</id><updated>2011-11-28T07:22:28.687+08:00</updated><category term='DNA dan RNA'/><category term='parasit malaria'/><category term='malaria and biosafety'/><category term='sporogoni'/><category term='plasmodium'/><category term='gametogoni'/><category term='symptoms'/><category term='falciparum'/><category term='dip stick'/><category term='vivax'/><category term='patologi'/><category term='patofisiologi malaria'/><category term='intro'/><category term='gametosit'/><category term='hospes invertebrata'/><category term='causes'/><category term='cara infeksi'/><category term='malaria. kekebalan pada malaria'/><category term='diagnosis malaria'/><category term='fase seksual'/><category term='sporozoit'/><category term='pathogenesis'/><category term='history of malaria'/><category term='distribution and impact'/><category term='stadium malaria'/><category term='eksflagelasi'/><category term='kuartana'/><category term='ovale'/><category term='ookista'/><category term='malaria'/><category term='fase aseksual'/><category term='tertiana'/><category term='malriae'/><category term='mikroskopis'/><category term='gejala klinis malaria'/><title type='text'>Malaria</title><subtitle type='html'>Understanding Malaria, Preventing Life Lost</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>halfian</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://images.halfian.multiply.com/image/8/photos/10/1200x120/99.jpg/c3960634.jpg?et=00U%2CpY9nEu1HHoIBfVQPvA'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>16</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-677758307819493037.post-2357971846100885627</id><published>2009-02-09T05:11:00.003+08:00</published><updated>2009-02-09T05:25:21.217+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='malaria. kekebalan pada malaria'/><title type='text'>bagan kekebalan terhadap malaria</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_61z7Sbyj2SY/SY9L3MVIu1I/AAAAAAAAAds/Y3gfbjhYF0g/s1600-h/malaria.png"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 475px; height: 264px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_61z7Sbyj2SY/SY9L3MVIu1I/AAAAAAAAAds/Y3gfbjhYF0g/s400/malaria.png" alt="kekebalan_malaria_immune_system_against_malaria" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300538698013129554" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/677758307819493037-2357971846100885627?l=malariana.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/feeds/2357971846100885627/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2009/02/bagan-kekebalan-terhadap-malaria.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/2357971846100885627'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/2357971846100885627'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2009/02/bagan-kekebalan-terhadap-malaria.html' title='bagan kekebalan terhadap malaria'/><author><name>halfian</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://images.halfian.multiply.com/image/8/photos/10/1200x120/99.jpg/c3960634.jpg?et=00U%2CpY9nEu1HHoIBfVQPvA'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_61z7Sbyj2SY/SY9L3MVIu1I/AAAAAAAAAds/Y3gfbjhYF0g/s72-c/malaria.png' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-677758307819493037.post-2744524953237997312</id><published>2008-11-29T00:24:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2008-11-29T00:25:41.672+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='malaria. kekebalan pada malaria'/><title type='text'>Malaria : Kekebalan</title><content type='html'>Kekebalan pada malaria merupakan suatu keadaan kebal terhadap infeksi dan berhubungan dengan proses-proses penghancuran parasit atau terbatasnya pertumbuhan dan perkembangbiakan. Pada malaria mungkin terdapat kekebalan bawaan (alam) dan kekebalan didapat. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kekebalan bawaan pada malaria merupakan suatu sifat genetik yang sudah ada pada hospes, tidak berhubungan dengan infeksi sebelumnya, misalnya : manusia tidak dapat diinfeksi oleh parasit malaria pada burung atau binatang pengerat; orang Negro di Afrika Barat relatif kebal terhadap P.vivax oleh karena mempunyai golongan darah Duffy (-), mungkin Duffy (+) merupakan reseptor untuk P. Vivax; orang yang mengandung Hb S heterozigot lebih kebal terhadap infeksi P. falciparum oleh karena pada tekanan O2 yang lebih rendah dalam kapiler alat-alat dalam Hb S dapat mengubah bentuk eritrosit (bentuk sabit) dan parasitnya tidak dapat hidup serta mudah difagositosis. Demikian pula pada orang dengan beta-thalassemia dan hemoglobin fetal yang menetap (Hb F); definisi G-6-PD pada eritrosit dapat melindungi organ terhadapinfeksi berat P. falciparum.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/677758307819493037-2744524953237997312?l=malariana.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/feeds/2744524953237997312/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/11/malaria-kekebalan.html#comment-form' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/2744524953237997312'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/2744524953237997312'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/11/malaria-kekebalan.html' title='Malaria : Kekebalan'/><author><name>halfian</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://images.halfian.multiply.com/image/8/photos/10/1200x120/99.jpg/c3960634.jpg?et=00U%2CpY9nEu1HHoIBfVQPvA'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-677758307819493037.post-173846383669835482</id><published>2008-11-04T00:21:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2008-11-29T00:23:45.485+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='malaria and biosafety'/><title type='text'>Malaria and biosafety</title><content type='html'>Pengambilan darah untuk diagnosis malaria mempunyai resiko. Virus hepatitis B, virus HIV dan kuman patogen lainnya dapat ditularkan dengan pengunaan lanset (alat tusuk untuk pengambilan darah), jarum semprit dan dan alat-alat lain yang tidak dibersihkan atau disterilisasi dengan sempurna.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bila harus dilakukan pemeriksaan darah, seharusnya digunakan lanset atau jarum yang sekali pakai (disposable) atau alat yang telah disterilkan secara seksama. Sediaan darah seyogyanya ditangani menurut pedoman standar mengenai biosafety.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/677758307819493037-173846383669835482?l=malariana.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='related' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/11/malaria-diagnosis.html' title='Malaria and biosafety'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/feeds/173846383669835482/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/11/malaria-and-biosafety.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/173846383669835482'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/173846383669835482'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/11/malaria-and-biosafety.html' title='Malaria and biosafety'/><author><name>halfian</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://images.halfian.multiply.com/image/8/photos/10/1200x120/99.jpg/c3960634.jpg?et=00U%2CpY9nEu1HHoIBfVQPvA'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-677758307819493037.post-1071275231257058475</id><published>2008-11-03T23:40:00.004+08:00</published><updated>2008-11-29T00:37:54.924+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='DNA dan RNA'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='dip stick'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='malaria'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mikroskopis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='diagnosis malaria'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='gejala klinis malaria'/><title type='text'>Malaria : Diagnosis</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Diagnosis pasti infeksi malaria dilakukan dengan menemukan parasit dalam darah yang diperiksa dengan mikroskop. Peranan diagnosis laboratorium terutama untuk menunjang penanganan klinis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Manfaat penunjang laboratorium adalah :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li&gt; Untuk diagnosis kasus pada kegagalan obat.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Untuk penyakit berat dengan komplikasi.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Untuk mendeteksi penyakit tanpa penyulit di daerah yang tidak stabil atau daerah dengan transmsi rendah dan penting untuk daerah yang ada infeksi P.falciparum dan P.vivax secara bersamaan, sebab pengobatan keduanya berbeda.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255); font-weight: bold;"&gt;Tekhnik diagnosis :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Mikroskop cahaya&lt;/span&gt;. Sediaan darah dengan pulasan Giemsa adalah merupakan dasar dari pemeriksaan dengan mikroskop cahaya. Pemeriksaan sediaan darah tebal dilakukan dengan memeriksa 100 lapangan mikroskopis dengan pembesaran 500-600 kali yang setara dengan 0,20 µL darah. Jumlah parasit dapat dihitung per lapangan mikroskopis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Metode semi kuantitaf&lt;/span&gt; untuk hitung parasit (&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;parasite count&lt;/span&gt;) pada sediaan darah tebal adalah sebagai berikut :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;+ = 1 – 10 parasit per 100 lapangan&lt;br /&gt;++ = 11 – 100 parasit per 100 lapangan&lt;br /&gt;+++ = 1-10 parasit per 1 lapangan&lt;br /&gt;++++ = &gt;10 parasit per 1 lapangan&lt;br /&gt;+++++ = &gt;100 parasit per 1 lapangan, setara dengan 40.000 parasit / µL&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hitung parasit dapat juga dilakukan dengan menghitung jumlah parasit per 200 leukosit dalam sediaan darah tebal dan jumlah leukosit rata-rata 8000 / µL darah, sehingga densitas parasit dapat dihitung sebagai berikut :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Parasit / µL darah =   (Jumlah parasit yang dihitung × 8000)/(jumlah leukosit yang dihitung (200)) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sayang sekali bahwa diagnosis mikroskopis secara rutin kadang-kadang kurang bermutu atau tidak dapat dilakukan pada sistem pelayanan kesehatan di daerah perifer. Walaupun teknolginya sederhana dan biayanya relatif murah, diagnosis mikroskopis ini tetap memerlukan infrastruktur yang memadai untuk pengadaan dan pemeliharaannya, serta untuk melatih tenaga mikroskopik dan mempertahankan mutu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;Tekhnik mikroskopis lain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Berbagai jenis upaya telah dilakukan untuk meningkatkan sensitivitas teknik mikroskopis yang konvensional, diantaranya :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Teknik QBC (Quantitavie Buffy Coat)&lt;/span&gt; dengan pulasan jingga akridin (acridine orange) yang berfluoresensi dengan pemeriksaan mikroskop fluoresen merupakan salah satu hasil usaha ini, tetapi masih belum dapat digunakan secara luas seperti pemeriksaan sediaan darah tebal dengan pulasan Giemsa menggunakan mikroskop cahaya biasa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Teknik Kawamoto&lt;/span&gt; merupakan modifikasi teknik pulasan jingga akridin yang memulas sediaan darah bukan dengan giemsa tetapi dengan akridin dan diperiksa dengan mikroskop cahaya yang diberi lampu halogen.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;Metode lain tanpa mikroskop.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Beberapa metode untukmendeteksi parasit malaria tanpa mengguankan mikroskop telah dikembangkan denan maksud untuk mndeteksi parasit lebih baik daripada dengan mikroskop cahaya. Metode ini mendeteksi protein atau asam nukleat yang berasal dari parasit.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Teknik dip-stick&lt;/span&gt; mendeteksi secara imuno-enzimatik suatu protein kaya histidine II yang spesifik parasit (immuno enzymatic detection of the parasite spesific histidine rich protein II). Tes spesifik untuk plasmodium falciparum telah dicoba pada beberapa negara, antara lain di Indonesia. Tes ini sederhana dan cepat karena dapat dilakukand alam waktu 10 menit dan dapat dilakukan secara massal. Selain itu, tes ini dapat dilakukan oleh petugas yang tidak terampil dan memerlukan sedikti latihan. Alatnya sederhana, kecil dan tidak memerlukanaliran listrik.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span id="fullpost"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kelemahan tes dip-stick ini adalah :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li&gt; Hanya spesifik untuk plasmodium falciparum (untuk plasmodium vivax masih dalam tahap pengembangan)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Tidak dapat mengukur densitas parasit (secara kuantitatif)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Antigen yang masih beredar beberapa hari setelah parasit hilang masih memberikan reaksi positif.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Gametosit muda (immature) bukan yang matang (mature), mungkin masih dapat dideteksi.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Biaya tes ini cukup mahal.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Walaupun demikian tes yang sederhana dan stabil dapat digunakan untuk pemeriksaan epidemiologi dan operasional. Hasil positif palsu (false positive) yang disebabkan oleh antigen residual yang beredar dan oleh gametosit muda dalam darah biasanya ditemukan pada penderita tanpa gejala (asimptomatik). Jadi seharusnya tidak mengakibatkan over treatment sebab tes ini digunakan untuk menunjang diagnosis klinis pada penderita dengan gejala.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Metode yang berdasarkan deteksi asam nukleat&lt;/span&gt; dapat dibagi dalam dua golongan, yaitu hibridisasi DNA atau RNA berlabel yang sensitivitasnya dapat ditingkatkan dengan PCR (polymerase chain reaction). Akhir-akhir ini beberapa pelacak (probe) DNA dan RNA yang spesifik telah dikembangkan untuk mengidentifikasi keempat spesies Plasmodium, tetapi terutama untuk plasmodium falciparum, tes ini sangat spesifik dan sensitif, dapat mendeteksi hingga minimal 2 parasit, bahkan 1 parasit / µL darah. Penggunaan pelacak tanpa label radioaktif (non radioactivelabelled probe) meskipun kurang sensitif dibandingkan dengan yang menggunakan bahan label radioaktif, mempunyai shelf-life lebih panjang dan lebih mudah disimpan dan diolah.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kelemahan tes ini adalah :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li&gt; Penyediaan DNA dan RNA sangat rumit&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Alat yang diperlukan untuk hibridisasi rumit&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Alat untuk amplifikasi PCR dan deteksi hasil amplifikasi sangat canggih dan mahal&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Metode ini membutuhkan waktu lebih lama (&gt;24 jam)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Tidak dapat membedakan stadium aseksual dan seksual&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Tidak dapat dilakukan pemeriksaan secara kuantitatif&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Sementara keuntungan utama pada teknik PCR adalah dapat mendeteksi dan mengidentifikasi infeksi ringan dengan sangat tepat dan dapat dipercaya. Hal ini penting untuk studi epidemiolgi dan eksperimental, tetapi tidak penting untuk meningkatkan penanganan malaria tanpa komplikasi.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/677758307819493037-1071275231257058475?l=malariana.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/feeds/1071275231257058475/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/11/malaria-diagnosis.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/1071275231257058475'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/1071275231257058475'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/11/malaria-diagnosis.html' title='Malaria : Diagnosis'/><author><name>halfian</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://images.halfian.multiply.com/image/8/photos/10/1200x120/99.jpg/c3960634.jpg?et=00U%2CpY9nEu1HHoIBfVQPvA'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-677758307819493037.post-7750774863922934463</id><published>2008-11-02T23:32:00.001+08:00</published><updated>2008-11-28T23:44:49.662+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='malaria'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='patofisiologi malaria'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='gejala klinis malaria'/><title type='text'>Malaria : Patofisiologi</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Patofisiologi pada malaria belum diketahui dengan pasti. Berbagai macam teori dan hipotesis telah dikemukakan. Perubahan patofisiologi pada malaria terutama berhubungan dengan gangguan aliran darah setempat sebagai akibat melekatnya eritrosit yang mengandung parasit pada endotelium kapiler. Perubahan ini cepat reversibel pada mereka yang dapat tetap hidup (survive). Peran beberapa mediator humoral masih belum pasti, tetapi mungkin terlibat dalam patogenesis terjadinya demam dan peradangan. Skizogoni eksoeritrositik mungkin dapat menyebabkan reaski leukosit dan fagosit, sedangkan sporozoit dan gametosit tidak menimbulkan perubahan patofisiologik.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Patofisiologi malaria adalah multifaktorial  dan mungkin berhubungan dengan hal-hal sebagai berikut :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a. &lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;Penghancuran eritrosit&lt;/span&gt;. Penghancuran eritrosit ini tidak saja dengan pecahnya eritrosit yang mengandung parasit, tetapi juga oleh fagositosis eritrosit yang mengandung parasit dan yang tidak mengandung parasit, sehingga menyebabkan anemia dan anoksia jaringan. Dengan hemolisis intra vaskular yang berat, dapat terjadi hemoglobinuria (blackwater fever) dan dapat mengakibatkan gagal ginjal.&lt;span id="fullpost"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;b. &lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;Mediator endotoksin-makrofag&lt;/span&gt;. Pada saat skizogoni, eirtosit yang mengandung parasit memicu makrofag yang sensitif endotoksin untuk melepaskan berbagai mediator yang berperan dalam perubahan patofisiologi malaria. Endotoksin tidak terdapat pada parasit malaria, mungkin berasal dari rongga saluran cerna. Parasit malaria itu sendiri dapat melepaskan faktor neksoris tumor (TNF). TNF adalah suatu monokin , ditemukan dalam darah hewan dan manusia yang terjangkit parasit  malaria. TNF dan sitokin lain yang berhubungan, menimbulkan demam, hipoglimeia dan sindrom penyakit pernafasan pada orang dewasa (ARDS = adult respiratory distress syndrome) dengan sekuestrasi sel neutrofil dalam pembuluh darah paru. TNF dapat juga menghancurkan plasmodium falciparum in vitro dan dapat meningkatkan perlekatan eritrosit yang dihinggapi parasit pada endotelium kapiler. Konsentrasi TNF dalam serum pada anak dengan malaria falciparum akut berhubungan langsung dengan mortalitas, hipoglikemia, hiperparasitemia dan beratnya penyakit.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;c. &lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;Sekuestrasi eritrosit yang terinfeksi&lt;/span&gt;. Eritrosit yang terinfeksi plasmodium falciparum stadium lanjut dapat membentuk tonjolan-tonjolan (knobs) pada permukaannya. Tonjolan tersebut mengandung antigen malaria dan bereaksi dengan antibodi malaria dan berhubungan dengan afinitas eritrosit yang mengandung plasmodium falciparum terhadap endotelium kapiler darah dalam alat dalam, sehingga skizogoni berlangsung di sirkulasi alat dalam, bukan di sirkulasi perifer. Eritrosit yang terinfeksi, menempel pada endotelium kapiler darah dan membentuk gumpalan (sludge) yang membendung kapiler dalam alam-alat dalam.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Protein dan cairan merembes melalui membran kapiler yang bocor (menjadi permeabel) dan menimbulkan anoksia dan edema jaringan. Anoksia jaringan yang cukup meluas dapat menyebabkan kematian. Protein kaya histidin P. falciparum ditemukan pada tonjolan-tonjolan tersebut, sekurang-kurangnya ada empat macam protein untuk sitoaherens eritrosit yang terinfeksi plasmodium P. falciparum.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/677758307819493037-7750774863922934463?l=malariana.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='related' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/11/patologi-dan-gejala-klinis.html' title='Malaria : Patofisiologi'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/feeds/7750774863922934463/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/11/malaria-patofisiologi.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/7750774863922934463'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/7750774863922934463'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/11/malaria-patofisiologi.html' title='Malaria : Patofisiologi'/><author><name>halfian</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://images.halfian.multiply.com/image/8/photos/10/1200x120/99.jpg/c3960634.jpg?et=00U%2CpY9nEu1HHoIBfVQPvA'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-677758307819493037.post-3859110188837828276</id><published>2008-11-01T01:29:00.002+08:00</published><updated>2008-11-01T01:50:58.090+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='malaria'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='patologi'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='stadium malaria'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='gejala klinis malaria'/><title type='text'>Patologi dan Gejala Klinis</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Perjalanan penyakit malaria terdiri atas serangan demam yang disertai oleh gejala lain dan diselingi oleh periode bebas penyakit. Ciri khas demam malaria adalah periodisitasnya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Masa tunas intrinsik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; pada malaria adalah waktu antara sporozoit masuk dalam badan hospes sampai timbulnya gejala demam, biasanya berlangsung antara 8-37 hari, tergantung pada spesies parasit (terpendek untuk p. falciparum dan terpanjang untuk p.malariae), pada beratnya infeksi dan pada pengobatan sebelumnya atau pada derajat resistensi hospes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt;Masa Pre-paten&lt;/span&gt;, berlangsung sejak saat infeksi  sampai ditemukan parasit malaria dalam darah untuk pertama kali, karena jumlah parasit telah melewati ambang mikroskopik (microscopic treshold).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Masa tunas ekstrinsik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; parasit malaria yang ditularkan melalui nyamuk kepada manusia adalah 12 hari untuk plasmodium falciparum, 13-17 hari untuk plasmodium  ovale dan vivax, dan 28-30 hari untuk plasmodium malariae (malaria kuartana).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:130%;" &gt;Demam&lt;/span&gt;. Pada infeksi malaria, demam secara periodik berhubungan dengan waktu pecahnya sejumlah skizon matang dan keluarnhya merozoit yang masuk dalam aliran darah (&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;sporulasi)&lt;/span&gt;. Pada malaria vivaks dan ovale (tersiana) skizon setiap &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;brood&lt;/span&gt; (kelompok) menjadi matang setiap 48 jam sehingga periode demamnya bersifat tersian, pada malaria kuartana yang disebabkan oleh plasmodium malariae, hal ini terjadi dalam 72 jam sehingga demamnya bersifat kuartan. Masa tunas intrinsik berakhir dengan timbulnya serangan pertama (first attack). Tiap serangan terdiri atas beberapa serangan demam yang timbulnya secara periodik, bersamaan dengan sporulasi (sinkron). Timbulnya demam juga bergantung pada jumlah parasit (cryogenic level, fever treshold). Berat infeksi pada seseorang ditentukan dengan hitung parasit (parasite count) pada sediaan darah. Demam biasanya bersifat intermitten (febris intermitten), dapat juga remitten (febris remitens) atau terus menerus (febris continua).&lt;span id="fullpost"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Serangan demam malaria biasanya dumulai dengan &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;gejala prodromal&lt;/span&gt; yaitu lesu, sakit kepala, tidak nafsu makan, kadang-kadang disertai dengan mual dan muntah.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Serangan demam yang khas terdiri atas beberapa stadium :&lt;br /&gt;a. &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"&gt;Stadium menggigil&lt;/span&gt; dimulai dengan perasaan dingin sekali, sehingga menggigil. Penderita menutupi badannya dengan baju tebal dan dengan selimut. Nadinay cepat, tetapi lemah, bibir dan jari-jari tangannya menjadi biru, kulitnya kering dan pucat. Kadang-kadang disertai dengan muntah. Pada anak sering disertai kejang-kejang. Stadium ini berlangsung antara 15 menit sampai 1 jam.&lt;br /&gt;b. &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"&gt;Stadium puncak demam&lt;/span&gt; dimulai pada saat perasaan dingin sekali perlahan berganti menjadi panas sekali. Muka menjadi merahm kulit kering dan terasa panas seperti terbakar, skit kepala makin hebat, biasanya ada mual dan muntah, nadi penuh dan berdenyut makin keras. Perasaan haus sekali pada saat suhu naik sampai 41°C (106°F) atau lebih. Stadium ini berlangsung selama 2-6 jam.&lt;br /&gt;c. &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"&gt;Stadium berkeringat&lt;/span&gt; dimulai dengan penderita berkeringat banyak sehingga tempat tidurnya basah. Suhu turun dengan cepat, kadang-kadang sampai di bawah ambang normal. Penderita biasanya dapat tidur nyenyak dan waktu bangun, merasa lemah tetapi sehat. Stadium ini berlangsung 2 sampai 4 jam.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Serangan demam yang khas ini sering dimulai pada siang hari  dan berlangsung 8-12 jam. Setelah itu terjadi &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"&gt;stadium apireksia&lt;/span&gt;. Lamanya serangan demam ini untuk setiap spesies malaria tidak sama.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gejala infeksi yang ditimbulkan kembali setelah serangan pertama disebtu relaps. &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt;Relaps &lt;/span&gt;dapat bersifat :&lt;br /&gt;a. &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"&gt;Rekrudesensi (atau relaps jangka pendek)&lt;/span&gt;, yang timbul karena parasit dalam darah (daur eritrosit) menjadi banyak. Demam timbul lagi dalam waktu 8 minggu setelah serangan pertama hilang.&lt;br /&gt;b.     &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"&gt;Rekurens (atau relaps jangka panjang)&lt;/span&gt; yang timbul karena parasit daur eksoeitrosit (yang dormant, hipnozoit) dari hati masuk dalam darah dan menjadi banyak, sehingga demam timbul lagi dalam waktu 24 minggu atau lebih setelah seranagn pertama hilang.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bila serangan malaria tidak menunjukkan gejala di antara serangan pertama dan relaps, maka keadaan ini disebut &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;periode laten klinis&lt;/span&gt;, walaupun mungkin ada parasitemia dan gejala lain seperti splenomegali. Periode laten parasit terjadi bila parasit tidak dapat ditemukan dalam darah tepi, tetapi stadium eksoeritrosit masih bertahan dalam jaringan hati.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Serangan demam makin lama akan berkurang beratnya karena tubuh telah menyesuaikan diri dengan adanya parasit dalam badan dan karena respon imun hospes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:130%;" &gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Splenomegali&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Pembesaran limpa merupakan gejala khas terutama pada malaria yang menahun. Perubahan limpa biasanya disebabkan oleh kongesti, tetapi kemudian limpa berubah warna menjadi hitam, karena pigmen yang ditimbun dalam eritsosit yang mengandung kapiler dan sinusoid. Eritsoit yang tampaknya normal dan yang mengandung parasit dan butir-butir hemozoin tampak dalam histiosit di pulpa dan sel epitel sinusoid. Pigmen tampak bebas atau dalam sel fagosit raksasa. Hiperplasia, sinu smelebar dan kadang-kadang trombus dalam kapiler dan fokus nekrosis tampak dalam pulpa limpa. Pada malaria menahun jaringan ikat bertambah tebal, sehingga limpa menjadi keras.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:130%;" &gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Anemia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Pada malaria dapat terjadi anemia. Derajat anemia tergantung pada spesies parasit yang menyebabkannya. Anemia terutama tampak jelas pada malaria falsiparum dengan penghancuran eritrosit yang cepat dan hebat dan pada malaria menahun. Jenis anemia pada malaria adalah hemolitik, normokrom dan normositik. Pada serangan akut kadar hemoglobin turun secara mendadak.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Anemia disebabkan beberapa faktor :&lt;br /&gt;a. &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"&gt;Penghancuran eritrosit&lt;/span&gt; yang mengandung parasit dan yang tidak mengandung parasit terjadi di dalam limpa, dalam hal ini faktor auto imun memegang peran.&lt;br /&gt;b. &lt;span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Reduced survival time&lt;/span&gt;, maksudnya eritrosit normal yang tidak mengandung parasit tidak dapat hidup lama.&lt;br /&gt;c. &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"&gt;Diseritropoesis&lt;/span&gt; yakni gangguan dalam pembentukan eritrosit karena depresi eritropoesis dalam sumsum tulang, retikulosit tidak dapat dilepaskan dalam peredaran darah perifer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/677758307819493037-3859110188837828276?l=malariana.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/feeds/3859110188837828276/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/11/patologi-dan-gejala-klinis.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/3859110188837828276'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/3859110188837828276'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/11/patologi-dan-gejala-klinis.html' title='Patologi dan Gejala Klinis'/><author><name>halfian</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://images.halfian.multiply.com/image/8/photos/10/1200x120/99.jpg/c3960634.jpg?et=00U%2CpY9nEu1HHoIBfVQPvA'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-677758307819493037.post-450267402314267963</id><published>2008-10-27T08:58:00.003+08:00</published><updated>2008-10-27T10:19:49.268+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history of malaria'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cara infeksi'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kuartana'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='falciparum'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='vivax'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sporozoit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ovale'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='malriae'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='tertiana'/><title type='text'>Cara Infeksi</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;"  lang="IN"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Waktu antara nyamuk mengisap darah yang mengandung gametosit sampai mengandung sporozoit dalam kelenjar liurnya, disebut &lt;b style=""&gt;masa tunas ekstrinsik&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Sporozoit adalah bentuk infektif. Infeksi dapat terjadi dengan 2 cara, yaitu :&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Secara alami melalui vektor, bila sporozoit dimasukkan ke dalam badan manusia dengan tusukan nyamuk.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Secara induksi (induced), bila stadium aseksual dalam eritrosit secara tidak sengaja masuk ke dalam badan manusia melalui darah, misalnya transfusi, suntikan atau secara keongenital (bayi baru lahir menderita malaria oleh karena tertular ibunya melalui darah plasenta), atau secara sengaja untuk pengobatan terhadap berbagai penyakit (sebelumperang dunia ke 2); demam yang timbul dapat menunjang pengobatan berbagai penyakit seperti lues dan sindrom nefrotik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;xml&gt;&lt;w:worddocument&gt;&lt;w:trackmoves&gt;&lt;w:trackformatting&gt;&lt;w:punctuationkerning&gt;&lt;w:validateagainstschemas&gt;&lt;w:donotpromoteqf&gt;&lt;w:compatibility&gt;&lt;w:breakwrappedtables&gt;&lt;w:snaptogridincell&gt;&lt;w:wraptextwithpunct&gt;&lt;w:useasianbreakrules&gt;&lt;w:dontgrowautofit&gt;&lt;w:splitpgbreakandparamark&gt;&lt;w:dontvertaligncellwithsp&gt;&lt;w:dontbreakconstrainedforcedtables&gt;&lt;w:dontvertalignintxbx&gt;&lt;w:word11kerningpairs&gt;&lt;w:browserlevel&gt;&lt;/w:browserlevel&gt; 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 mso-ansi-font-style:normal;  mso-bidi-font-style:normal;} table.MsoTableMediumGrid3Accent1LastCol  {mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 3 - Accent 1";  mso-table-condition:last-column;  mso-style-priority:69;  mso-style-unhide:no;  mso-tstyle-shading:#4F81BD;  mso-tstyle-shading-themecolor:accent1;  mso-tstyle-border-top:cell-none;  mso-tstyle-border-left:3.0pt solid white;  mso-tstyle-border-left-themecolor:background1;  mso-tstyle-border-bottom:cell-none;  mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;  mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;  mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;  font-family:Sydnie;  mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;  mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;  color:white;  mso-themecolor:background1;  mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;  mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;  mso-ansi-font-style:normal;  mso-bidi-font-style:normal;} table.MsoTableMediumGrid3Accent1OddColumn  {mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 3 - Accent 1";  mso-table-condition:odd-column;  mso-style-priority:69;  mso-style-unhide:no;  mso-tstyle-shading:#A7BFDE;  mso-tstyle-shading-themecolor:accent1;  mso-tstyle-shading-themetint:127;  mso-tstyle-border-top:1.0pt solid white;  mso-tstyle-border-top-themecolor:background1;  mso-tstyle-border-left:1.0pt solid white;  mso-tstyle-border-left-themecolor:background1;  mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.0pt solid white;  mso-tstyle-border-bottom-themecolor:background1;  mso-tstyle-border-right:1.0pt solid white;  mso-tstyle-border-right-themecolor:background1;  mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;  mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;  font-family:Sydnie;  mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;  mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;} table.MsoTableMediumGrid3Accent1OddRow  {mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 3 - Accent 1";  mso-table-condition:odd-row;  mso-style-priority:69;  mso-style-unhide:no;  mso-tstyle-shading:#A7BFDE;  mso-tstyle-shading-themecolor:accent1;  mso-tstyle-shading-themetint:127;  mso-tstyle-border-top:1.0pt solid white;  mso-tstyle-border-top-themecolor:background1;  mso-tstyle-border-left:1.0pt solid white;  mso-tstyle-border-left-themecolor:background1;  mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.0pt solid white;  mso-tstyle-border-bottom-themecolor:background1;  mso-tstyle-border-right:1.0pt solid white;  mso-tstyle-border-right-themecolor:background1;  mso-tstyle-border-insideh:1.0pt solid white;  mso-tstyle-border-insideh-themecolor:background1;  mso-tstyle-border-insidev:1.0pt solid white;  mso-tstyle-border-insidev-themecolor:background1;  font-family:Sydnie;  mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;  mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;/m:defjc&gt;&lt;/m:rmargin&gt;&lt;/m:lmargin&gt;&lt;/m:dispdef&gt;&lt;/m:smallfrac&gt;&lt;/m:brkbinsub&gt;&lt;/m:brkbin&gt;&lt;/m:mathfont&gt;&lt;/m:mathpr&gt;&lt;/w:word11kerningpairs&gt;&lt;/w:dontvertalignintxbx&gt;&lt;/w:dontbreakconstrainedforcedtables&gt;&lt;/w:dontvertaligncellwithsp&gt;&lt;/w:splitpgbreakandparamark&gt;&lt;/w:dontgrowautofit&gt;&lt;/w:useasianbreakrules&gt;&lt;/w:wraptextwithpunct&gt;&lt;/w:snaptogridincell&gt;&lt;/w:breakwrappedtables&gt;&lt;/w:compatibility&gt;&lt;/w:donotpromoteqf&gt;&lt;/w:validateagainstschemas&gt;&lt;/w:punctuationkerning&gt;&lt;/w:trackformatting&gt;&lt;/w:trackmoves&gt;&lt;/w:worddocument&gt;&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;"  lang="IN"&gt;BEBERAPA SIFAT PERBANDINGAN DAN DIAGNOSTIK PADA EMPAT SPESIES PLASMODIUM PADA MANUSIA&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;table class="MsoTableMediumGrid3Accent1" style="border: medium none ; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: left; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;  &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(79, 129, 189) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 104.65pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:white;" valign="top" width="140"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:white;"&gt;Sifat&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(79, 129, 189) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 86.85pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:white white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="116"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:white;"&gt;P. falciparum&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(79, 129, 189) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:white white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:white;"&gt;P. vivax&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(79, 129, 189) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:white white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:white;"&gt;P. ovale&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(79, 129, 189) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:white white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:white;"&gt;P. malariae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(79, 129, 189) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 104.65pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: left;color:-moz-use-text-color white;" valign="top" width="140"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:white;"&gt;Daur praeritrosit&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 86.85pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="116"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;5,5 hari&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;8 hari&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;9hari&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;10-15 hari&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(79, 129, 189) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 104.65pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: left;color:white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="140"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:white;"&gt;Hipnozoit&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(211, 223, 238) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 86.85pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="116"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(211, 223, 238) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;+&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(211, 223, 238) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;+&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(211, 223, 238) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(79, 129, 189) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 104.65pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: left;color:white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="140"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:white;"&gt;Jumlah merozoit hati&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 86.85pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="116"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;40.000&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;10.000&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;15.000&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;15.000&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;    &lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(79, 129, 189) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 104.65pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: left;color:white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="140"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:white;"&gt;Daur eritrosit&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 86.85pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="116"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;48 jam&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;48 jam&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;50 jam&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;72 jam&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(79, 129, 189) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 104.65pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: left;color:white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="140"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:white;"&gt;Eritrosit yg dihinggapi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(211, 223, 238) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 86.85pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="116"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Muda dan normosit&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(211, 223, 238) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Retikulosit dan normosit&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(211, 223, 238) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Retikulosit dannormosit muda&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(211, 223, 238) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Normosit&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(79, 129, 189) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 104.65pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: left;color:white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="140"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:white;"&gt;Pembesaran eritrosit&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 86.85pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="116"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;++&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;+&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(79, 129, 189) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 104.65pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: left;color:white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="140"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:white;"&gt;Titik-titik eritrosit&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(211, 223, 238) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 86.85pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="116"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Maurer&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(211, 223, 238) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Schuffner&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(211, 223, 238) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Schuffner (james)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(211, 223, 238) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Ziemann&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(79, 129, 189) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 104.65pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: left;color:white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="140"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:white;"&gt;Pigmen&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 86.85pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="116"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Hitam&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Kuning tengguli&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Tengguli tua&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Tengguli hitam&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(79, 129, 189) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 104.65pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: left;color:white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="140"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:white;"&gt;Jumlah merozoit&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(211, 223, 238) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 86.85pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="116"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;8 – 24&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(211, 223, 238) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;12 – 18&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(211, 223, 238) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;8 – 10&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(211, 223, 238) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;8&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(79, 129, 189) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 104.65pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: left;color:white;" valign="top" width="140"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:white;"&gt;Daur dalam nyamuk pada 27°C&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 86.85pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="116"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;10 hari&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;8-9 hari&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.75pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;12-14 hari&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(167, 191, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="128"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;26-28 hari&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/677758307819493037-450267402314267963?l=malariana.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/feeds/450267402314267963/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/10/cara-infeksi.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/450267402314267963'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/450267402314267963'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/10/cara-infeksi.html' title='Cara Infeksi'/><author><name>halfian</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://images.halfian.multiply.com/image/8/photos/10/1200x120/99.jpg/c3960634.jpg?et=00U%2CpY9nEu1HHoIBfVQPvA'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-677758307819493037.post-8773252054401142942</id><published>2008-10-26T12:16:00.005+08:00</published><updated>2008-10-28T18:52:18.542+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='parasit malaria'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history of malaria'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='plasmodium'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ookista'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='hospes invertebrata'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='eksflagelasi'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sporogoni'/><title type='text'>Parasit Malaria Dalam Hospes Invertebrata ( Hospes Definitif)</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;font-size:130%;" class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" &gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;"  lang="IN"&gt;Eksflagelasi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Bila nyamuk Anopheles betina menghisap darah hospes manusia yang mengandung parasit malaria, parasit aseksual dicernakan bersama dengan eritrosit, tetapi gametosit dapat tumbuh terus. Inti pada mikrogametosit membelah menjadi 4 sampai 8 yang masing-masing menjadi bentuk panjang seperti flagel (benang) dengan ukuran 20-25 mikron, menonjol keluar dari sel induk, bergerak-gerak sebentar dan kemudian melepaskan diri. Proses ini (&lt;b style=""&gt;eksflagelasi&lt;/b&gt;) hanya berlangsung beberapa menit saja pada suhu yang sesuai dan dapat dilihat dengan mikroskop pada sediaan darah basah yang masih segar tanpa diwarnai. Flagel atau gamet jantan disebut mikrogamet; makrogametosit mengalami proses pematangan (maturasi) dan menjadi gamet betina (makrogamet). Dalam lambung nyamuk, mikrogamet tertarik oleh makrogamet yang membentuk tonjolan kecil tempat masuk mikrogamet sehingga pembuahan dapat berlangsung. Hasil pembuahan ini disebut &lt;b style=""&gt;zigot&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_61z7Sbyj2SY/SQbuRKgtRaI/AAAAAAAAAWw/4ExCe-W3kBk/s1600-h/malaria_LifeCycle.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 439px; height: 338px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_61z7Sbyj2SY/SQbuRKgtRaI/AAAAAAAAAWw/4ExCe-W3kBk/s400/malaria_LifeCycle.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5262155193275729314" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:130%;" class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" &gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;"  lang="IN"&gt;Sporogoni&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Pada permulaan, zigot merupakan bentuk bulat yang tidak bergerak, tetapi dalam waktu 18-24 jam menjadi bentuk panjang dan dapat bergerak. Stadium seperti cacing ini berukuran 8-24 mikron dan disebut &lt;b style=""&gt;Ookinet&lt;/b&gt;. Ookinet kemudian menembus dinding lambung melalui epitel lambung ke dinding luar lambung dan menjadi bentuk bulat yang disebut &lt;b style=""&gt;Ookista&lt;/b&gt;. Jumlah ookista pada lambung anopheles berkisar antara beberapa buah sampai beberapa ratus buah. Ookista makin lama makin besar sehingga merupakan bulatan-bulatan transparan, berukuran 40-80 mikron dan mengandung butiran-butiran pigmen. Letak dan besar dari masing-masing butiran pigmen adalah khas pada tiap-tiap spesies Plasmodium. Bila Ookista makin membesar sehingga berdiameter&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;500 mikron dan intinya membelah-belah, pigmen tidak akan tampak lagi. Inti yang membelah-belah dikelilingi protoplasma yang merupakan berntuk-bentuk memanjang pada bagian tepi dan sehingga tampak sejumlah besar bentuk-bentuk yang kedua ujungnya runcing dengan inti ditengahnya (sporozoit) dan panjangnya 10-15 mikron. Kemudian ookista pecah, ribuan sporozoit dilepaskan dan bergerak dalam rongga badan nyamuk untuk mencapai kelenjar liur. Nyamuk betina sekarang menjadi infektif. Bila nyamuk ini mengisap darah setelah menusuk kult manusia, sporozoit dimasukkan ke dalam dalam luka tusuk yangmencapai aliran darah hospes perantara. Sporogoni yang dimulai dari pematangan gametosit sampai menjadi sporozoit infektif berlangsung selama 8 sampai 35 hari, begantung pada suhu luar dan spesies parasit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/677758307819493037-8773252054401142942?l=malariana.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/feeds/8773252054401142942/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/10/parasit-dalam-hospes-invertebrata.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/8773252054401142942'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/8773252054401142942'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/10/parasit-dalam-hospes-invertebrata.html' title='Parasit Malaria Dalam Hospes Invertebrata ( Hospes Definitif)'/><author><name>halfian</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://images.halfian.multiply.com/image/8/photos/10/1200x120/99.jpg/c3960634.jpg?et=00U%2CpY9nEu1HHoIBfVQPvA'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_61z7Sbyj2SY/SQbuRKgtRaI/AAAAAAAAAWw/4ExCe-W3kBk/s72-c/malaria_LifeCycle.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-677758307819493037.post-6625158185539810785</id><published>2008-10-17T04:14:00.003+08:00</published><updated>2008-10-17T05:12:21.578+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='parasit malaria'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history of malaria'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='fase aseksual'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='gametogoni'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='fase seksual'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='gametosit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sporogoni'/><title type='text'>Parasit Malaria Dalam Hospes Vertebrata</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt;Fase jaringan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Bila nyamuk Anopheles betina yang mengandung parasit&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;malaria dalam kelenjar air liurnya, menusuk hospes,sporozoit yang berada dalam air liurnya akan masuk melalui probosis yang ditusukkan ke dalam kulit. &lt;b style=""&gt;Sporozoit &lt;/b&gt;segera masuk dalam peredaran darah dan setelah ½ sampai 1 jam, akan masuk ke dalam sel hati. Akan banyak yang dihancurkan oleh fagosit, akan tetapi sebagian tetap masuk ke dalam sel hati dan berkembang biak. Proses ini disebut &lt;b style=""&gt;skizogoni praeritrosit&lt;/b&gt;. Inti parasit membelah diri berulang-ulang dan &lt;b style=""&gt;skizon&lt;/b&gt; jaringan (skizon hati) berbentuk bulat atau lonjong, menjadi besar sampai berukuran 45 mikron.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Pembelahan inti disertai pembelahan sitoplasma yang mengelilingi setiap inti sehingga terbentuk beribu-ribu merozoit beinti satu dengan ukuran 0,1 mikron hingga 0,8 mikron. Inti sel hati terdorong ke tepi tetapi tidak reaksi di sekitar jaringan hati.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Fase ini berlangsung beberapa waktu hingga, tergantung dari jenis spesies parasit malria yang menyerang. (lihat tabel)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;table class="MsoTableColorfulListAccent5" style="border-collapse: collapse;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;  &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: none none solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(242, 115, 10) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 119.7pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="160"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:white;"&gt;Spesies&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: none none solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(242, 115, 10) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 119.7pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="160"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:white;"&gt;Fase praeritrosit&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: none none solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(242, 115, 10) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 119.7pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="160"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:white;"&gt;Besar skizon&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: none none solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(242, 115, 10) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 119.7pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="160"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:white;"&gt;Jumlah merozoit&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(218, 238, 243) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 119.7pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="160"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;P. Vivax&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(218, 238, 243) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 119.7pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="160"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;6&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;–&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;8   hari&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(218, 238, 243) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 119.7pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="160"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;45 mikron&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(218, 238, 243) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 119.7pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="160"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;10.000&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(237, 246, 249) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 119.7pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="160"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;P. falciparum&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(237, 246, 249) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 119.7pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="160"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;5 ½&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;- 7 hari&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(237, 246, 249) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 119.7pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="160"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;60 mikron&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(237, 246, 249) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 119.7pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="160"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;40.000&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(218, 238, 243) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 119.7pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="160"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;P. malarie&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(218, 238, 243) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 119.7pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="160"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;12 -&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;16 hari&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(218, 238, 243) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 119.7pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="160"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;45 mikron&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(218, 238, 243) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 119.7pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="160"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;2000&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(237, 246, 249) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 119.7pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="160"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;P. ovale&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(237, 246, 249) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 119.7pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="160"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;9 hari&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(237, 246, 249) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 119.7pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="160"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;70 mikron&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(237, 246, 249) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 119.7pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="160"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;15.000&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Pada akhir fase praeritrosit, skizon pecah, merozoit keluar dan masuk ke dalam peredaran darah. Sebagian besar menerang eritrosit yang berada di sinusoid hati tetapi beberapa di fagositosis. Pada &lt;b style=""&gt;P. vivax dan P.ovale&lt;/b&gt;, sebagian sporozoit yang menjadi &lt;b style=""&gt;hipnozoit&lt;/b&gt;, setelah beberapa waktu ( beberapa bulan hingga 5 tahun) menjadi aktif kembali&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;dan mulai dengan &lt;b style=""&gt;skizogoni eksoeritrosit sekunder&lt;/b&gt;. Proses ini dianggap sebagi timbulnya &lt;b style=""&gt;relaps jangka panjang&lt;/b&gt; (long term relaps) atau &lt;b style=""&gt;rekurens&lt;/b&gt; ( recurrence).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;P. falciparum dan p.malariae tidak memiliki fase eksoeritrosit sekunder,relapsnya disebabkan oleh proliferasi stadium eritrositik dan dikenal dengan istilah rekrudesensi&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;(short term relapse). Rekrudesensi&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;yang panjang kadang dijumpai pada P. malariae yang disebabkan oleh stadium eritrositik yang menetap dalam sirkulasi mikrokapiler jaringan. Kenyataan berikut ini menunjang bahwa rekurens (long term relapse), tidak ada pada P. malariae :&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;a)&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Infeksi P.malariae dapat disembuhkan dengan obat skizontosida darah saja.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;b)&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Tidak pernah ditemukan skizon eksoeritrositik dalam hati manusia atau simpanse setalah suatu siklus praeritrositik.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;c)&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;       &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Parasit dapat menetap dalam jangka waktu yang panjang dalam darah dapat dibuktikan pada beberapa kasus malaria transfusi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;Fase aseksual dalam darah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Waktu diantara permulaan infeksi sampai ditemukannya parasit malaria dalam darah tepi disebut masa &lt;b style=""&gt;pre-paten&lt;/b&gt;. Masa ini dapat dibedakan dengan masa tunas/inkubasi yang berhubungan dengan timbulnya gejala klinis penyakit malaria.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Merozoit yang dilepaskan jaringan mulai menyerang se darah. Invasi merozoit tergantung pada interaksi reseptor pada membran eritrosit, glikoforin dan merozoit sendiri. Sisi anterior merozoit akan melekat pada membran eritrosit yang kemudian membran eritrosit akan menebal dan bergabung dengan membran plasma eritrosit, lalu melakukan invaginasi, membentuk vakuol dengan parasit berada di dalamnya. Pada saat merozoit masuk, selaput permukaan dijepit sehingga lepas. Seluruh proses ini memakan waktu sekitar 30 detik. Stadium termuda dalam darah berbentuk bulat kecil dan beberapa diantaranya mengandung vakuol sehingga sitoplasma terdorong ke tepi dan inti berada di kutubnya. Oleh karena sitoplasma mempunyai bentuk lingkaran , maka parasit muda dikatakan berbentuk cincin. Selama pertumbuhan, bentuknya berubah menjadi tidak teratur. Stadium muda ini disebut &lt;b style=""&gt;trofozoit&lt;/b&gt;. Parasit mencernakan hemoglobin dalam eritrosit dan sisa metabolismenya berupa pigmen malaria (&lt;b style=""&gt;hemozoin&lt;/b&gt; dan &lt;b style=""&gt;hematin&lt;/b&gt;). Pigmen yang mengandung zat bersi ini dapat dilihat dalam parasit sebagai butir-butir berwarna kuning tengguli hingga tengguli hitam yang makin jelas pada stadium lanjut. Setelah masa pertumbuhan, parasit berkembang biak secara aseksual melalui proses pembelahan yang disebut &lt;b style=""&gt;skizogoni&lt;/b&gt;. Inti parasit membelah menjadi beberapa inti yang lebih kecil kemudian melanjutkan dengan pembelahan sitoplasma untuk membentuk &lt;b style=""&gt;skizon&lt;/b&gt;.Skizon matang mengandung bentuk-bentuk bulat kecil, terdiri dari inti dan sitoplasma yang disebut &lt;b style=""&gt;merozoit&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Setelah skizogoni selesai, eritrosit pecah dan merozoit dilepaskan dalam aliran darah (&lt;b style=""&gt;sporulasi&lt;/b&gt;). Kemudian merozoit akan memasuki eritrosit baru dan generasi lain dibentuk dengan cara yang sama. Pada daur eritrosit, skizogoni berlangsung berlulang-ulang selama infeksi dan menimbulkan prasitemia yang meningkat dengan cepat sampau proses dihambat oleh proses imun hospes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Perkembangan parasit dalam eritrosit menyebabkan perubahan pada eritrosit, yaitu menjadi lebih besar,pucat dan bertitik-titik pada P. vivax. perubahan ini khas untuk spesies parasit. Periodisitas skizogoni fase eritrosit berbeda-beda tergantung dari jenis spesiesnya. Daur skizogoni fase eritrosit berlangsung 48 jam (2 hari) pada P. vivax dan P. ovale, kurang dari 48 jam pada P. falciparum dan 72 jam pada P. malariae. Pada stadium permulaan infeksi dapat ditemukan beberapa kelompok (broods) parasit yang tumbuh pada saat yang berbeda-beda sehingga gejala demam tidakmenunjukkan periodisitas yang jelas. Kemudian periodisitasnya menjadi lebih sinkron dan gejala demam memberi gambaran tersian atau kuartan. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;"  lang="IN"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:130%;" &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;"  lang="IN"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:130%;" &gt;Fase seksual dalam darah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Setelah sampai 2-3 generasi (3-15 hari) merosoit dibentuk, sebagaian merozoit tumbuh menjadi bentuk seksual . Proses ini disebut &lt;b style=""&gt;gametogoni&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b style=""&gt;gametositogenesis&lt;/b&gt;). Bentuk seksual tumbuh tetapi intinya tidak membelah. Gametosit mempunyai bentuk yang berbeda pada&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;berbagai spesies, pada P. falciparum bentuknya seperti &lt;b style=""&gt;sabit/pisang&lt;/b&gt; bila sudah matang, pada spesies lainnya bentuknya bulat.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Pada semua spesies plasmodium dengan pulasan khusus, &lt;b style=""&gt;gametosit betina&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b style=""&gt;makrogametosit&lt;/b&gt;) mempunyai sitoplasma berwarna biru dengan inti kecil padat dan pada &lt;b style=""&gt;gametosit jantan&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b style=""&gt;mikrogametosit&lt;/b&gt;) sitoplasma berwarna biru pucat atau merah muda dengan inti besar dan difus. Kedua macam gametosit mengandung banyak butir-butir pigmen.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"  &gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/677758307819493037-6625158185539810785?l=malariana.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/feeds/6625158185539810785/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/10/parasit-malaria-dalam-hospes-vertebrata.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/6625158185539810785'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/6625158185539810785'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/10/parasit-malaria-dalam-hospes-vertebrata.html' title='Parasit Malaria Dalam Hospes Vertebrata'/><author><name>halfian</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://images.halfian.multiply.com/image/8/photos/10/1200x120/99.jpg/c3960634.jpg?et=00U%2CpY9nEu1HHoIBfVQPvA'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-677758307819493037.post-7704643145992921144</id><published>2008-10-16T18:13:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2008-10-17T05:06:36.108+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='parasit malaria'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='malaria'/><title type='text'>Mengenal malaria</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="border-style: none none solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189); border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 4pt;"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoTitle" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;PARASIT MALARIA&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Sejarah&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Penyakit malaria telah diketahui sejak zaman yunani kuno. Oleh karena secara klinik malaria memiliki gejala yang khas dan mudah dikenali yakni demam yang naik turun secara siklik dan teratur, maka pada waktu itu sudah dikenal febris tertiana dan febris kuartana.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Disamping itu terdapat gejala kelainan pada limpa yakni limpa membesar, splenomegali, dan menjadi keras, sehingga dulu penyakit ini disebut demam kura.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Meskipun penyakit ini telah diketahui sejak lama, penyebabnya waktu itu belum diketahui. Dahulu diduga disebabkan oleh hukuman dari dewa-dewa karena waktu itu wabah ada di sekita kota roma. Karena penyakit ini banyak dijumpai di daerah rawa-rawa yang mengeluarkan bau busuk di sekitarnya, maka ia disebut “&lt;b style=""&gt;malaria&lt;/b&gt;” (&lt;b style=""&gt;mal area&lt;/b&gt; = &lt;b style=""&gt;udara busuk&lt;/b&gt; =&lt;b style=""&gt;bad air&lt;/b&gt;).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Baru pada abad ke-19, Laveran melihat bentuk “pisang” dalam darah penderita malaria yang kemudian diketahui bahwa malaria ditularkan oleh nyamuk (Ross, 1897) yang banyak terdapat di rawa-rawa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Hospes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Parasit malaria termasuk pada genus &lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;Plasmodium&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;. &lt;/i&gt;Pada manusia terdapat empat spesies : Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malarie. Pada kera ditemukan spesies-spesies malaria yang hampir sama dengan jenis yang terdapat pada manusia antara lain : Plasmodium cynomolgi, menyerupai Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium knowlesi menyerupai Plasmodium falciparum, dan plasmodium malarie. Plasmodium Rodhaini pada simpanse di Afrika dan Plasmodium brazilianumdi Amerika sleatan sama dengan Plasmodium malarie pada manusia. Manusia dapat diinfeksi oleh parasit malaria kera secara alami dan eksperimental, begitupun sebaliknya dapat terjadi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Distribusi geografik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Malaria ditemukan 64° lintang utara (archangel di Rusia) sampai 32° Lintang selatan (Cordoba di Argentina), dari daerah rendah 400 m di bawah permukaan laut (laut mati), sampai 2600 m di atas permukaan laut (Londiani di Kenya) atau 2800 m (Cochabamba di Bolivia). Antara batas-batas garis bujur dan gari lintang terdapat daerah yang bebas malaria. Di Indonesia, malaria tersebar hampir di seluruh kepulauan terutama di wilayah timur Indonesia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Morfologi dan daur hidup&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Daur hidup keempat spesies malaria pada manusia umumnya sama. Proses ini terdiri dari fase seksual eksogen (sporogoni) dalam badan nyamuk Anopheles dan fase aseksual (skizogoni) dalam badan hospes vertebrata.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Fase aseksual mempunyai 2 daur, yaitu :&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Daur eritrosit dalam&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;darah (&lt;b style=""&gt;skizogoni eritrosit&lt;/b&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Daur dalam parenkim hati (&lt;b style=""&gt;skizogoni&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;eksoeritrosit&lt;/b&gt;) atau stadium jaringan. Terbagi lagi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;      &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Skizogoni praeritrosit (skizogoni eksoeritrosit primer)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt; yakni setelah sporozoit masuk ke dalam sel hati.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:7;"&gt;        &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Skizogoni eksoeritrosit sekunder&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;, yakni ketika berlangsung siklus praeritrosit ulangan &lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;dalam sel hati.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Pada penelitian malaria primata, menunjukkkan bahwa ada dua populasi sporozoit yang berbeda, yakni sporozoit yang secara langsung mengalami pertumbuhan dan sporozoit yang tetap “tidur” (dorman) selama periode tertentu yang disebut “&lt;b style=""&gt;hipnozoit&lt;/b&gt;”, sampai menjadi aktif kembali dan mengalami skizogoni. Pada infeksi P. falciparum dan P. malarie hanya terdapat satu generasi aseksual dalam hati sebelum daur dalam darah dimulai (tidak ada hipnozoit); sesudah itu daur dalam hati tidak dilanjutkan lagi. Pada infeksi P.vivax dan P.ovale daur eksoeritrosit berlangsung terus menerus sampai bertahun-tahun melengkapi perjalanan penyakit yang dapat berlangsung lama (bila tidak diobati) disertai banyak relaps.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/677758307819493037-7704643145992921144?l=malariana.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/feeds/7704643145992921144/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/10/mengenal-malaria.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/7704643145992921144'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/7704643145992921144'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/10/mengenal-malaria.html' title='Mengenal malaria'/><author><name>halfian</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://images.halfian.multiply.com/image/8/photos/10/1200x120/99.jpg/c3960634.jpg?et=00U%2CpY9nEu1HHoIBfVQPvA'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-677758307819493037.post-5309766335017130284</id><published>2008-10-15T19:15:00.001+08:00</published><updated>2008-10-11T19:46:01.780+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='malaria'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='pathogenesis'/><title type='text'>Malaria : Pathogenesis</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_61z7Sbyj2SY/SPCQ_-f84CI/AAAAAAAAARg/zXb6VwPTRbg/s1600-h/malaria.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_61z7Sbyj2SY/SPCQ_-f84CI/AAAAAAAAARg/zXb6VwPTRbg/s400/malaria.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5255860193924538402" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"   style="  line-height: 19px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;font-size:13px;"&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;Malaria in humans develops via two phases: an exoerythrocytic and an erythrocytic phase. The exoerythrocytic phase involves infection of the hepatic system, or liver, while the erythrocytic phase involves infection of the erythrocytes, or red blood cells. When an infected mosquito pierces a person's skin to take a blood meal,&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporozoite" title="Sporozoite" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;sporozoites&lt;/a&gt; in the mosquito's saliva enter the bloodstream and migrate to the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver" title="Liver" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;liver&lt;/a&gt;. Within 30 minutes of being introduced into the human host, they infect &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatocyte" title="Hepatocyte" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;hepatocytes&lt;/a&gt;, multiplying asexually and asymptomatically for a period of 6–15 days. Once in the liver these organisms differentiate to yield thousands of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merozoite" title="Merozoite" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;merozoites&lt;/a&gt; which, following rupture of their host cells, escape into the blood and infect &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;red blood cells&lt;/a&gt;, thus beginning the erythrocytic stage of the life cycle. The parasite escapes from the liver undetected by wrapping itself in the cell membrane of the infected host liver cell.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;Within the red blood cells the parasites multiply further, again asexually, periodically breaking out of their hosts to invade fresh red blood cells. Several such amplification cycles occur. Thus, classical descriptions of waves of fever arise from simultaneous waves of merozoites escaping and infecting red blood cells.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;Some &lt;i&gt;P. vivax&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;P. ovale&lt;/i&gt; sporozoites do not immediately develop into exoerythrocytic-phase merozoites, but instead produce hypnozoites that remain dormant for periods ranging from several months (6–12 months is typical) to as long as three years. After a period of dormancy, they reactivate and produce merozoites. Hypnozoites are responsible for long incubation and late relapses in these two species of malaria.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;The parasite is relatively protected from attack by the body's &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;immune system&lt;/a&gt; because for most of its human life cycle it resides within the liver and blood cells and is relatively invisible to immune surveillance. However, circulating infected blood cells are destroyed in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;spleen&lt;/a&gt;. To avoid this fate, the &lt;i&gt;P. falciparum&lt;/i&gt; parasite displays adhesive &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;proteins&lt;/a&gt; on the surface of the infected blood cells, causing the blood cells to stick to the walls of small blood vessels, thereby sequestering the parasite from passage through the general circulation and the spleen.&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria#cite_note-Chen-51" title="" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" line-height: 40px;font-size:40px;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;This "stickiness" is the main factor giving rise to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemorrhage" title="Hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;hemorrhagic&lt;/a&gt; complications of malaria. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_endothelial_venules" title="High endothelial venules" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;High endothelial venules&lt;/a&gt;(the smallest branches of the circulatory system) can be blocked by the attachment of masses of these infected red blood cells. The blockage of these vessels causes symptoms such as in placental and cerebral malaria. In cerebral malaria the sequestrated red blood cells can breach the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood-brain_barrier" title="Blood-brain barrier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;blood brain barrier&lt;/a&gt; possibly leading to coma.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;Although the red blood cell surface adhesive proteins (called PfEMP1, for &lt;i&gt;Plasmodium falciparum&lt;/i&gt; erythrocyte membrane protein 1) are exposed to the immune system they do not serve as good immune targets because of their extreme diversity; there are at least 60 variations of the protein within a single parasite and perhaps limitless versions within parasite populations.&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria#cite_note-Chen-51" title="" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" line-height: 40px;font-size:40px;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Like a thief changing disguises or a spy with multiple passports, the parasite switches between a broad repertoire of PfEMP1 surface proteins, thus staying one step ahead of the pursuing immune system.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;Some merozoites turn into male and female &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametocyte" title="Gametocyte" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;gametocytes&lt;/a&gt;. If a mosquito pierces the skin of an infected person, it potentially picks up gametocytes within the blood. Fertilization and sexual recombination of the parasite occurs in the mosquito's gut, thereby defining the mosquito as the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitive_host" title="Definitive host" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;definitive host&lt;/a&gt; of the disease. New sporozoites develop and travel to the mosquito's salivary gland, completing the cycle. Pregnant women are especially attractive to the mosquitoes, and malaria in pregnant women is an important cause of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;stillbirths&lt;/a&gt;, infant mortality and low birth weight, particularly in &lt;i&gt;P. falciparum&lt;/i&gt; infection, but also in other species infection, such as &lt;i&gt;P. vivax&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/677758307819493037-5309766335017130284?l=malariana.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/feeds/5309766335017130284/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/10/malaria-pathogenesis.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/5309766335017130284'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/5309766335017130284'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/10/malaria-pathogenesis.html' title='Malaria : Pathogenesis'/><author><name>halfian</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://images.halfian.multiply.com/image/8/photos/10/1200x120/99.jpg/c3960634.jpg?et=00U%2CpY9nEu1HHoIBfVQPvA'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_61z7Sbyj2SY/SPCQ_-f84CI/AAAAAAAAARg/zXb6VwPTRbg/s72-c/malaria.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-677758307819493037.post-2237509001051373398</id><published>2008-10-14T18:54:00.001+08:00</published><updated>2008-10-14T18:54:00.163+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='causes'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='malaria'/><title type='text'>Malaria : Causes</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"   style="  line-height: 19px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;font-size:13px;"&gt;&lt;h3   style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom- font-weight: bold;  margin-bottom: 0.3em; background-position: initial initial; font-size:132%;color:initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Malaria parasites&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;Malaria is caused by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;protozoan&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite" title="Parasite" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;parasites&lt;/a&gt; of the genus &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium" title="Plasmodium" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Plasmodium&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (phylum &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apicomplexa" title="Apicomplexa" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Apicomplexa&lt;/a&gt;). In humans malaria is caused by &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparum" title="Plasmodium falciparum" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;P. falciparum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_malariae" title="Plasmodium malariae" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;P. malariae&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_ovale" title="Plasmodium ovale" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;P. ovale&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_vivax" title="Plasmodium vivax" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;P. vivax&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_knowlesi" title="Plasmodium knowlesi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;P. knowlesi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;P. falciparum&lt;/i&gt; is the most common cause of infection and is responsible for about 80% of all malaria cases, and is also responsible for about 90% of the deaths from malaria. Parasitic &lt;i&gt;Plasmodium&lt;/i&gt; species also infect birds, reptiles, monkeys, chimpanzees and rodents. There have been documented human infections with several &lt;a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/simian" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:simian" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;simian&lt;/a&gt; species of malaria, namely &lt;i&gt;P. knowlesi&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plasmodium_inui&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasmodium inui (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-position: initial initial; "&gt;P. inui&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plasmodium_cynomolgi&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasmodium cynomolgi (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-position: initial initial; "&gt;P. cynomolgi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plasmodium_simiovale&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasmodium simiovale (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-position: initial initial; "&gt;P. simiovale&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._brazilianum&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="P. brazilianum (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-position: initial initial; "&gt;P. brazilianum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._schwetzi&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="P. schwetzi (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-position: initial initial; "&gt;P. schwetzi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._simium&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="P. simium (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-position: initial initial; "&gt;P. simium&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;; however, with the exception of P. knowlesi, these are mostly of limited public health importance. Although &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_malaria" title="Avian malaria" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;avian malaria&lt;/a&gt; can kill chickens and turkeys, this disease does not cause serious economic losses to poultry farmers. However, since being accidentally introduced by humans it has decimated the&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_birds_of_Hawaii" title="Endemic birds of Hawaii" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;endemic birds of Hawaii&lt;/a&gt;, which evolved in its absence and lack any resistance to it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;&lt;a name="Mosquito_vectors_and_the_Plasmodium_life_cycle" id="Mosquito_vectors_and_the_Plasmodium_life_cycle" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2  style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170);  margin-bottom: 0.6em; background-position: initial initial; font-size:150%;"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Mosquito vectors and the &lt;i&gt;Plasmodium&lt;/i&gt; life cycle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;The parasite's primary (definitive) hosts and transmission &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(biology)" title="Vector (biology)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;vectors&lt;/a&gt; are female &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;mosquitoes&lt;/a&gt; of the &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anopheles" title="Anopheles" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Anopheles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; genus. Young mosquitoes first ingest the malaria parasite by feeding on an infected human carrier and the infected &lt;i&gt;Anopheles&lt;/i&gt; mosquitoes carry &lt;i&gt;Plasmodium&lt;/i&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporozoite" title="Sporozoite" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;sporozoites&lt;/a&gt;in their &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;salivary glands&lt;/a&gt;. A mosquito becomes infected when it takes a blood meal from an infected human. Once ingested, the parasite&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametocytes" title="Gametocytes" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;gametocytes&lt;/a&gt; taken up in the blood will further differentiate into male or female &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametes" title="Gametes" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;gametes&lt;/a&gt; and then fuse in the mosquito gut. This produces an&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ookinete" title="Ookinete" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;ookinete&lt;/a&gt; that penetrates the gut lining and produces an &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oocyst" title="Oocyst" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;oocyst&lt;/a&gt; in the gut wall. When the oocyst ruptures, it releases sporozoites that migrate through the mosquito's body to the salivary glands, where they are then ready to infect a new human host. This type of transmission is occasionally referred to as anterior station transfer. The sporozoites are injected into the skin, alongside saliva, when the mosquito takes a subsequent blood meal.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;Only female mosquitoes feed on blood, thus males do not transmit the disease. The females of the &lt;i&gt;Anopheles&lt;/i&gt; genus of mosquito prefer to feed at night. They usually start searching for a meal at dusk, and will continue throughout the night until taking a meal. Malaria parasites can also be transmitted by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;blood transfusions&lt;/a&gt;, although this is rare.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/677758307819493037-2237509001051373398?l=malariana.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/feeds/2237509001051373398/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/10/malaria-causes.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/2237509001051373398'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/2237509001051373398'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/10/malaria-causes.html' title='Malaria : Causes'/><author><name>halfian</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://images.halfian.multiply.com/image/8/photos/10/1200x120/99.jpg/c3960634.jpg?et=00U%2CpY9nEu1HHoIBfVQPvA'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-677758307819493037.post-4758195533724354872</id><published>2008-10-13T18:46:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2008-10-13T18:46:00.455+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='symptoms'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='malaria'/><title type='text'>Malaria : Symptoms</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; "&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;Symptoms of malaria include &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever" title="Fever" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;fever&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivering" title="Shivering" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;shivering&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthralgia" title="Arthralgia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;arthralgia&lt;/a&gt; (joint pain), &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;vomiting&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;anemia&lt;/a&gt; (caused by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysis" title="Hemolysis" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;hemolysis&lt;/a&gt;), &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobinuria" title="Hemoglobinuria" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;hemoglobinuria&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convulsion" title="Convulsion" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;convulsions&lt;/a&gt;. There may be a feeling of tingling in the skin, particularly with malaria caused by &lt;i&gt;P. falciparum&lt;/i&gt;. The classic symptom of malaria is cyclical occurrence of sudden coldness followed by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigor_(medicine)" title="Rigor (medicine)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;rigor&lt;/a&gt; and then fever and sweating lasting four to six hours, occurring every two days in &lt;i&gt;P. vivax&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;P. ovale&lt;/i&gt; infections, while every three for &lt;i&gt;P. malariae&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;P. falciparum&lt;/i&gt; can have recurrent fever every 36-48 hours or a less pronounced and almost continuous fever. For reasons that are poorly understood, but which may be related to high &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracranial_pressure" title="Intracranial pressure" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;intracranial pressure&lt;/a&gt;, children with malaria frequently exhibit &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abnormal_posturing" title="Abnormal posturing" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;abnormal posturing&lt;/a&gt;, a sign indicating severe brain damage. Malaria has been found to cause cognitive impairments, especially in children. It causes widespread &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;anemia&lt;/a&gt; during a period of rapid brain development and also direct brain damage. This neurologic damage results from cerebral malaria to which children are more vulnerable.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;Severe malaria is almost exclusively caused by &lt;i&gt;P. falciparum&lt;/i&gt; infection and usually arises 6-14 days after infection. Consequences of severe malaria include &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma" title="Coma" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;coma&lt;/a&gt; and death if untreated—young children and pregnant women are especially vulnerable. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenomegaly" title="Splenomegaly" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Splenomegaly&lt;/a&gt; (enlarged spleen), severe &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headache" title="Headache" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;headache&lt;/a&gt;, cerebral &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;ischemia&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatomegaly" title="Hepatomegaly" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;hepatomegaly&lt;/a&gt; (enlarged liver), &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoglycemia" title="Hypoglycemia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;hypoglycemia&lt;/a&gt;, and hemoglobinuria with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_failure" title="Renal failure" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;renal failure&lt;/a&gt; may occur. Renal failure may cause &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwater_fever" title="Blackwater fever" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;blackwater fever&lt;/a&gt;, where hemoglobin from lysed red blood cells leaks into the urine. Severe malaria can progress extremely rapidly and cause death within hours or days. In the most severe cases of the disease fatality rates can exceed 20%, even with intensive care and treatment. In endemic areas, treatment is often less satisfactory and the overall fatality rate for all cases of malaria can be as high as one in ten. Over the longer term, developmental impairments have been documented in children who have suffered episodes of severe malaria.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184); font-size: 11px; line-height: 10px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;Chronic malaria is seen in both &lt;i&gt;P. vivax&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;P. ovale&lt;/i&gt;, but not in &lt;i&gt;P. falciparum&lt;/i&gt;. Here, the disease can relapse months or years after exposure, due to the presence of latent parasites in the liver. Describing a case of malaria as cured by observing the disappearance of parasites from the bloodstream can therefore be deceptive. The longest incubation period reported for a &lt;i&gt;P. vivax&lt;/i&gt; infection is 30 years. Approximately one in five of &lt;i&gt;P. vivax&lt;/i&gt; malaria cases in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate" title="Temperate" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;temperate&lt;/a&gt; areas involve &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overwintering" title="Overwintering" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;overwintering&lt;/a&gt; by hypnozoites (i.e., relapses begin the year after the mosquito bite).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/677758307819493037-4758195533724354872?l=malariana.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/feeds/4758195533724354872/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/10/malaria-symptoms.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/4758195533724354872'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/4758195533724354872'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/10/malaria-symptoms.html' title='Malaria : Symptoms'/><author><name>halfian</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://images.halfian.multiply.com/image/8/photos/10/1200x120/99.jpg/c3960634.jpg?et=00U%2CpY9nEu1HHoIBfVQPvA'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-677758307819493037.post-1162724463970925970</id><published>2008-10-12T18:39:00.001+08:00</published><updated>2008-10-12T18:39:01.716+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='distribution and impact'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='malaria'/><title type='text'>Malaria : Distribution and Impact</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"   style="  line-height: 19px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;font-size:13px;"&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;Malaria causes about 250 million cases of fever and approximately one million deaths annually. The vast majority of cases occur in children under the age of 5 years; pregnant women are also especially vulnerable. Despite efforts to reduce transmission and increase treatment, there has been little change in which areas are at risk of this disease since 1992. Indeed, if the prevalence of malaria stays on its present upwards course, the death rate could double in the next twenty years. Precise statistics are unknown because many cases occur in rural areas where people do not have access to hospitals or the means to afford health care. Consequently, the majority of cases are undocumented.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);  line-height: 10px;font-size:11px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;Although co-infection with HIV and malaria does cause increased mortality, this is less of a problem than with HIV/&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;tuberculosis&lt;/a&gt; co-infection, due to the two diseases usually attacking different age-ranges, with malaria being most common in the young and active tuberculosis most common in the old. Although HIV/malaria co-infection produces less severe symptoms than the interaction between HIV and TB, HIV and malaria do contribute to each other's spread. This effect comes from malaria increasing &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_load" title="Viral load" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;viral load&lt;/a&gt; and HIV infection increasing a person's susceptibility to malaria infection.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;Malaria is presently endemic in a broad band around the equator, in areas of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas" title="Americas" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Americas&lt;/a&gt;, many parts of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" title="Asia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Asia&lt;/a&gt;, and much of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Africa&lt;/a&gt;; however, it is in sub-Saharan Africa where 85– 90% of malaria fatalities occur. The geographic distribution of malaria within large regions is complex, and malaria-afflicted and malaria-free areas are often found close to each other. In drier areas, outbreaks of malaria can be predicted with reasonable accuracy by mapping rainfall. Malaria is more common in rural areas than in cities; this is in contrast to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever" title="Dengue fever" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;dengue fever&lt;/a&gt; where urban areas present the greater risk. For example, the cities of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Vietnam&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Laos&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Cambodia&lt;/a&gt; are essentially malaria-free, but the disease is present in many rural regions. By contrast, in Africa malaria is present in both rural and urban areas, though the risk is lower in the larger cities. The global &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_(epidemiology)" title="Endemic (epidemiology)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;endemic&lt;/a&gt; levels of malaria have not been mapped since the 1960s. However, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust" title="Wellcome Trust" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Wellcome Trust&lt;/a&gt;, UK, has funded the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria_Atlas_Project" title="Malaria Atlas Project" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Malaria Atlas Project&lt;/a&gt; to rectify this, providing a more contemporary and robust means with which to assess current and future malaria &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease_burden" title="Disease burden" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;disease burden&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;&lt;a name="Socio-economic_effects" id="Socio-economic_effects" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3   style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom- font-weight: bold;  margin-bottom: 0.3em; background-position: initial initial; font-size:132%;color:initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" font-weight: normal;font-size:13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Socio-economic effects&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;Malaria is not just a disease commonly associated with poverty, but is also a cause of poverty and a major hindrance to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;economic development&lt;/a&gt;. The disease has been associated with major negative economic effects on regions where it is widespread. A comparison of average per capita GDP in 1995, adjusted to give parity of purchasing power, between malarious and non-malarious countries demonstrates a fivefold difference ($1,526 USD versus $8,268 USD). Moreover, in countries where malaria is common, average per capita GDP has risen (between 1965 and 1990) only 0.4% per year, compared to 2.4% per year in other countries. However, correlation does not demonstrate causation, and the prevalence is at least partly because these regions do not have the financial capacities to prevent malaria. In its entirety, the economic impact of malaria has been estimated to cost Africa $12 billion USD every year. The economic impact includes costs of health care, working days lost due to sickness, days lost in education, decreased productivity due to brain damage from cerebral malaria, and loss of investment and tourism. In some countries with a heavy malaria burden, the disease may account for as much as 40% of public health expenditure, 30-50% of inpatient admissions, and up to 50% of outpatient visits.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/677758307819493037-1162724463970925970?l=malariana.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/feeds/1162724463970925970/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/10/malaria-distribution-and-impact.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/1162724463970925970'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/1162724463970925970'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/10/malaria-distribution-and-impact.html' title='Malaria : Distribution and Impact'/><author><name>halfian</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://images.halfian.multiply.com/image/8/photos/10/1200x120/99.jpg/c3960634.jpg?et=00U%2CpY9nEu1HHoIBfVQPvA'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-677758307819493037.post-5437732113810895066</id><published>2008-10-11T18:15:00.001+08:00</published><updated>2008-10-11T18:25:44.861+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history of malaria'/><title type='text'>History Of Malaria</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Alphonse_Laveran.jpg/185px-Alphonse_Laveran.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px;" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Alphonse_Laveran.jpg/185px-Alphonse_Laveran.jpg" border="0" alt="" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"   style="  line-height: 19px; font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;font-size:13px;"&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;Malaria has infected humans for over 50,000 years, and may have been a human &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;pathogen&lt;/a&gt; for the entire history of our species.Indeed, close relatives of the human malaria parasites remain common in chimpanzees, our closest relatives. References to the unique periodic fevers of malaria are found throughout recorded history, beginning in 2700 BC in China. The term malaria originates from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Medieval&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Italian&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;i&gt;mala aria&lt;/i&gt; — "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miasma_theory_of_disease" title="Miasma theory of disease" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;bad air&lt;/a&gt;"; and the disease was formerly called &lt;b&gt;ague&lt;/b&gt; or &lt;b&gt;marsh fever&lt;/b&gt; due to its association with swamps and marsh land.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;Scientific studies on malaria made their first significant advance in 1880, when a French army doctor working in the military hospital of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Constantine&lt;/a&gt; in&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Algeria&lt;/a&gt; named &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran" title="Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran&lt;/a&gt; observed parasites for the first time, inside the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;red blood cells&lt;/a&gt; of people suffering from malaria. He therefore proposed that malaria was caused by this &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;protozoan&lt;/a&gt;, the first time protozoa were identified as causing disease. For this and later discoveries, he was awarded the 1907 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine&lt;/a&gt;. The protozoan was called &lt;i&gt;Plasmodium&lt;/i&gt; by the Italian scientists &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettore_Marchiafava" title="Ettore Marchiafava" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Ettore Marchiafava&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Celli" title="Angelo Celli" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Angelo Celli&lt;/a&gt;. A year later, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Finlay" title="Carlos Finlay" style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; text-decoration: underline; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Carlos Finlay&lt;/a&gt;, a Cuban doctor treating patients with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;yellow fever&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana" title="Havana" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Havana&lt;/a&gt;, provided strong evidence that mosquitoes were transmitting disease to and from humans. This work followed earlier suggestions by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_C._Nott" title="Josiah C. Nott" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Josiah C. Nott&lt;/a&gt;, and work by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Manson" title="Patrick Manson" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Patrick Manson&lt;/a&gt;on the transmission of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filariasis" title="Filariasis" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;filariasis&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;However, it was Britain's &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Sir Ronald Ross&lt;/a&gt; working in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_General_Hospital" title="Presidency General Hospital" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Presidency General Hospital&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Calcutta&lt;/a&gt; who finally proved in 1898 that malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes. He did this by showing that certain mosquito species transmit malaria to birds and isolating malaria parasites from the salivary glands of mosquitoes that had fed on infected birds. For this work Ross received the 1902 Nobel Prize in Medicine. After resigning from the Indian Medical Service, Ross worked at the newly-established &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_School_of_Tropical_Medicine" title="Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine&lt;/a&gt; and directed malaria-control efforts in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Egypt&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Panama&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Greece&lt;/a&gt; and&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Mauritius&lt;/a&gt;. The findings of Finlay and Ross were later confirmed by a medical board headed by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Reed" title="Walter Reed" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Walter Reed&lt;/a&gt; in 1900, and its recommendations implemented by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Gorgas" title="William C. Gorgas" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;William C. Gorgas&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_measures_during_the_construction_of_the_Panama_Canal" title="Health measures during the construction of the Panama Canal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;the health measures undertaken&lt;/a&gt; during construction of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Panama Canal&lt;/a&gt;. This public-health work saved the lives of thousands of workers and helped develop the methods used in future public-health campaigns against this disease.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;The first effective treatment for malaria was the bark of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinchona" title="Cinchona" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;cinchona tree&lt;/a&gt;, which contains &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;quinine&lt;/a&gt;. This tree grows on the slopes of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes" title="Andes" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Andes&lt;/a&gt;, mainly in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Peru&lt;/a&gt;. This natural product was used by the inhabitants of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Peru&lt;/a&gt; to control malaria, and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit" title="Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Jesuits&lt;/a&gt; introduced this practice to Europe during the 1640s where it was rapidly accepted. However, it was not until 1820 that the active ingredient, quinine, was extracted from the bark, isolated and named by the French chemists &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Joseph_Pelletier" title="Pierre Joseph Pelletier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Pierre Joseph Pelletier&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bienaim%C3%A9_Caventou" title="Joseph Bienaimé Caventou" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Joseph Bienaimé Caventou&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;In the early twentieth century, before &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotics" title="Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;antibiotics&lt;/a&gt;, patients with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;syphilis&lt;/a&gt; were intentionally &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infected" title="Infected" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;infected&lt;/a&gt; with malaria to create a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever" title="Fever" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;fever&lt;/a&gt;, following the work of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;Julius Wagner-Jauregg&lt;/a&gt;. By accurately controlling the fever with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "&gt;quinine&lt;/a&gt;, the effects of both syphilis and malaria could be minimized. Although some patients died from malaria, this was preferable to the almost-certain death from syphilis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;Although the blood stage and mosquito stages of the malaria life cycle were identified in the 19th and early 20th centuries, it was not until the 1980s that the latent liver form of the parasite was observed. The discovery of this latent form of the parasite finally explained why people could appear to be cured of malaria but still relapse years after the parasite had disappeared from their bloodstreams.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/677758307819493037-5437732113810895066?l=malariana.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/feeds/5437732113810895066/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/10/history-of-malaria.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/5437732113810895066'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/5437732113810895066'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/10/history-of-malaria.html' title='History Of Malaria'/><author><name>halfian</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://images.halfian.multiply.com/image/8/photos/10/1200x120/99.jpg/c3960634.jpg?et=00U%2CpY9nEu1HHoIBfVQPvA'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-677758307819493037.post-7951832255272592979</id><published>2008-07-09T09:51:00.001+08:00</published><updated>2008-07-09T14:29:19.748+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='malaria'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='intro'/><title type='text'>Malaria : Intro</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Malaria&lt;/b&gt; is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites and is one of the most common infectious diseases and an enormous public health problem. It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of the &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Americas&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, Asia, and &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Africa&lt;/st1:place&gt;. Each year, there are approximately 515 million cases of malaria, killing between one and three million people, the majority of whom are young children in Sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria is commonly associated with poverty, but is also a cause of poverty and a major hindrance to economic development.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The disease is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus &lt;i style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Plasmodium&lt;/i&gt;. Only four types of the plasmodium parasite can infect humans; the most serious forms of the disease are caused by &lt;i style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Plasmodium falciparum&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Plasmodium vivax&lt;/i&gt;, but other related species (&lt;i style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Plasmodium ovale&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Plasmodium malariae&lt;/i&gt;) can also affect humans. This group of human-pathogenic &lt;i&gt;Plasmodium&lt;/i&gt; species is usually referred to as &lt;i&gt;malaria parasites&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Malaria parasites are transmitted by female &lt;i style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Anopheles&lt;/i&gt; mosquitoes. The parasites multiply within red blood cells, causing symptoms that include symptoms of anemia (light headedness, shortness of breath, tachycardia, etc), as well as other general symptoms such as fever, chills, nausea, flu-like illness, and in severe cases, coma and death. Malaria transmission can be reduced by preventing mosquito bites with mosquito nets and insect repellents, or by mosquito control measures such as spraying insecticides inside houses and draining standing water where mosquitoes lay their eggs.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Although some are under development, no vaccine is currently available for malaria; preventative drugs must be taken continuously to reduce the risk of infection. These prophylactic drug treatments are often too expensive for most people living in endemic areas. Most adults from endemic areas have a degree of long-term recurrent infection and also of partial resistance; the resistance reduces with time and such adults may become susceptible to severe malaria if they have spent a significant amount of time in non-endemic areas. They are strongly recommended to take full precautions if they return to an endemic area. Malaria infections are treated through the use of antimalarial drugs, such as quinine or artemisinin derivatives, although drug resistance is increasingly common.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/677758307819493037-7951832255272592979?l=malariana.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/feeds/7951832255272592979/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/07/malaria-intro.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/7951832255272592979'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/677758307819493037/posts/default/7951832255272592979'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://malariana.blogspot.com/2008/07/malaria-intro.html' title='Malaria : Intro'/><author><name>halfian</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://images.halfian.multiply.com/image/8/photos/10/1200x120/99.jpg/c3960634.jpg?et=00U%2CpY9nEu1HHoIBfVQPvA'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>
